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<p><h2>MMAMPICS.com - THE UK's No.1 Mixed Martial Arts Fight Photography website from major shows The Champions, Strike and Submit, Total Combat, Ultimate Force, Ultimate Challenge UK, M1, The Battleground, Pride and Glory, Ground Zero.</h2>
<p> <p><h2>MMAPICS</h2> <p>MMA,FIGHT,PHOTOGRAPHY,MIXED,MARTIAL,ARTS,PICTURES,CAGE,UK,Mixed,Martial,Arts,Fight,Photography,website,show,Champions,Strike,Submit,Total,Combat,Ultimate,Force,Challenge,M1,Battleground,Pride,Glory,Ground,Zero,UFC,BISPING,SHAMROCK,TITO,ORTIZ,BEST,CAGEWARRIORS,WARRIORS,ELITE,MUAY,THAI,BRAZIL,BRAZILIAN,JIUJITSU,JUJITSU,TRAIN,LEEDS,MANCHESTER,LONDON,BIRMINGHAM,,The,Wikimedia,Foundation's,2009,steward,election,has,startedPlease,vote,[Help,us,with,translations!]Mixed,martial,arts,From,Wikipedia,the,free,encyclopedia,Jump,to:,navigation,search,For,the,fighting,styles,that,combine,different,arts,see,hybrid,martial,artsMixed,martial,arts,Ground,fighting,during,competitionThe,dominant,fighter,Mac,Danzig,maintains,knee-on-stomach,ver,Takumi,Nakayama,while,delivering,strikesAlso,known,as,MMAFocus,Various,Hardness,Full,contact,Olympic,sport,NoMixed,martial,arts,MMA,is,a,full,contact,combat,sport,that,allows,a,wide,variety,f,fighting,techniques,from,a,mixture,f,martial,arts,traditions,and,non-traditions,to,be,used,in,competitionsThe,rules,allow,the,use,f,striking,and,grappling,techniques,both,while,standing,and,n,the,groundSuch,competitions,allow,martial,artists,f,different,backgrounds,to,competeThe,term,may,also,be,used,less,correctly,to,describe,hybrid,martial,arts,styles,Modern,mixed,martial,arts,competition,emerged,in,American,popular,culture,in,1993,with,the,founding,f,the,Ultimate,Fighting,ChampionshipInitially,based,n,finding,the,most,effective,martial,arts,for,real,unarmed,combat,situations,competitors,f,various,arts,were,pitted,against,ne,another,with,minimal,rules,for,safety,[1],In,the,following,decade,MMA,promoters,adopted,many,additional,rules,aimed,at,increasing,safety,for,competitors,and,to,promote,mainstream,acceptance,f,the,sport,[2],The,name,Mixed,martial,arts,was,coined,by,ne,f,the,developers,f,these,rules,Jeff,Blatnick,a,former,Greco-Roman,wrestler,and,lympic,gold,medalist,[3],Following,these,changes,the,sport,has,seen,increased,popularity,with,pay,per,view,reach,rivaling,boxing,and,professional,wrestling,[4],Contents,[hide],1,History1,1,Pre-modern1,2,Modern1,3,Evolution,f,fighters1,4,lympic,recognition,efforts2,Rules3,Clothing,guidelines4,Strategies4,1,Popular,Disciplines4,2,Hybrid,Styles4,2,1,Sprawl-and-brawl4,2,2,Clinch,fighting4,2,3,Ground-and-pound4,2,4,Submission,grappling4,2,5,Lay-and-pray5,Safety6,Women's,role7,See,also8,Notes9,References10,External,links[edit],History[edit],Pre-modern,Pankration,was,an,ancient,form,f,unarmed,hand,to,hand,combat,resembling,modern,MMA,While,different,forms,f,unorganized,no-rules,unarmed,combat,predate,history,civilization,and,even,the,human,species,itself,even,apes,fight,hand-to-hand,the,earliest,documented,rganized,minimal-rules,fighting,event,was,the,ancient,Greek,pankration,which,was,introduced,into,the,lympic,Games,in,648,B,C,[5],Greek,pankration,later,inspired,the,more,violent,Etruscan,and,Roman,pancratium,an,event,showcased,at,the,Roman,ColosseumEven,as,late,as,the,Early,Middle,Ages,statues,were,put,up,in,Rome,and,ther,cities,to,honour,remarkable,pankratiasts,f,Rome,No-holds-barred,events,reportedly,took,place,in,the,late,1800s,when,wrestlers,representing,a,huge,range,f,fighting,styles,including,various,catch,wrestling,styles,Greco-Roman,wrestling,and,many,thers,met,in,tournaments,and,music-hall,challenge,matches,throughout,EuropeIn,the,USA,the,first,major,encounter,between,a,boxer,and,a,wrestler,in,modern,times,took,place,in,1887,when,John,LSullivan,then,heavyweight,world,boxing,champion,entered,the,ring,with,his,trainer,Greco-Roman,wrestling,champion,William,Muldoon,and,was,slammed,to,the,mat,in,two,minutesThe,next,publicized,encounter,ccurred,in,the,late,1890s,when,future,heavyweight,boxing,champion,Bob,Fitzsimmons,took,n,European,Greco-Roman,wrestling,champion,Ernest,RoeberReportedly,Roeber,suffered,a,fractured,cheekbone,in,this,bout,but,was,able,to,get,Fitzsimmons,down,n,the,mat,where,he,applied,an,armlock,and,made,the,boxer,submitIn,Europe,around,the,19th,century,the,Italian,Giovanni,Raicevich,skilled,in,Greco-Roman,wrestling,defeated,Akitaro,no,a,Japanese,heavyweight,fighter,skilled,in,Jujutsu,Judo,and,Sumo,throwing,him,n,the,mat,by,ne-arm,shoulder,throwIn,1936,heavyweight,boxing,contender,Kingfish,Levinsky,and,veteran,professional,wrestler,Ray,Steele,competed,in,a,mixed,match,which,Steele,won,in,35,seconds,[6],Another,early,example,f,mixed,martial,arts,combat,was,the,martial,art,f,Bartitsu,founded,in,London,in,1899,which,was,the,first,martial,art,known,to,have,combined,Asian,and,European,fighting,styles,[7],and,which,saw,MMA-style,contests,throughout,England,pitting,European,and,Japanese,champions,against,representatives,f,various,European,wrestling,styles,[7]Mixed,style,contests,such,as,boxing,vsjujutsu,were,popular,entertainment,throughout,Europe,Japan,and,the,Pacific,Rim,during,the,early,1900s,[8],In,Japan,these,contests,were,known,as,merikan,from,the,Japanese,slang,for,"American,[fighting]"Merikan,contests,were,fought,under,a,variety,f,rules,including,points,decision,best,f,three,throws,r,knockdowns,and,victory,via,knockout,r,submission,[citation,needed]Professional,wrestling,died,ut,after,World,War,I,and,was,reborn,in,two,streams:,"shoot",in,which,the,fighters,actually,competed,and,"show,",which,evolved,into,modern,professional,wrestling,[6][edit],ModernThe,history,f,modern,MMA,competition,can,be,traced,to,mixed,style,contests,throughout,Europe,Japan,and,the,Pacific,Rim,during,the,early,1900s;,the,Gracie,family's,vale,tudo,martial,arts,tournaments,in,Brazil,starting,in,the,1920s;,and,early,mixed,martial,arts,matches,hosted,by,Antonio,Inoki,in,Japan,in,the,1970sThe,sport,gained,international,exposure,and,widespread,publicity,in,the,United,States,in,1993,when,Brazilian,Jiu-Jitsu,fighter,Royce,Gracie,handily,won,the,first,Ultimate,Fighting,Championship,tournament,subduing,three,challengers,in,just,five,minutes,[9],sparking,a,revolution,in,the,martial,arts,[10],Meanwhile,in,Japan,the,continued,interest,in,the,sport,resulted,in,the,creation,f,the,Pride,Fighting,Championships,in,1997,[11]The,movement,that,led,to,the,creation,f,the,UFC,and,Pride,was,rooted,in,two,interconnected,subculturesFirst,were,the,vale,tudo,events,in,Brazil,followed,by,the,Japanese,shoot,wrestling,showsVale,tudo,began,in,the,1920s,with,the,"Gracie,challenge",issued,by,Carlos,Gracie,and,Hélio,Gracie,and,upheld,later,n,by,descendants,f,the,Gracie,family,[5],In,Japan,in,the,1970s,a,series,f,mixed,martial,arts,matches,were,hosted,by,Antonio,Inoki,a,former,star,f,New,Japan,Pro,Wrestling;[12],this,inspired,the,shoot-style,movement,in,Japanese,professional,wrestling,which,eventually,led,to,the,formation,f,the,first,mixed,martial,arts,rganizations,such,as,Shooto,which,was,formed,in,1985Chuck,Liddell,right,and,Tito,rtiz,broke,PPV,records,with,their,rematch,at,UFC,66,The,concept,f,combining,the,elements,f,multiple,martial,arts,was,pioneered,and,popularized,by,Bruce,Lee,in,the,late,1960s,to,early,1970s,via,his,system,and,philosophy,which,he,called,Jeet,Kune,DoLee,believed,that,"the,best,fighter,is,not,a,Boxer,Karate,r,Judo,manThe,best,fighter,is,someone,who,can,adapt,to,any,style,",His,innovative,concepts,were,recognized,in,2004,by,UFC,President,Dana,White,when,he,called,Lee,the,"father,f,mixed,martial,arts,"[13],Recognition,f,its,effectiveness,as,a,test,came,as,the,United,States,Army,began,to,sanction,mixed,martial,arts,with,the,first,annual,Army,Combatives,Championships,held,by,the,US,Army,Combatives,School,in,November,2005,The,sport,reached,a,new,peak,f,popularity,in,North,America,in,the,December,2006,rematch,between,then,UFC,light,heavyweight,champion,Chuck,Liddell,and,former,champion,Tito,rtiz,rivaling,the,PPV,sales,f,some,f,the,biggest,boxing,events,f,all,time,[4],and,helping,the,UFC's,2006,PPV,gross,surpass,that,f,any,promotion,in,PPV,historyIn,2007,Zuffa,LLC,the,wners,f,the,UFC,MMA,promotion,bought,Japanese,rival,MMA,brand,Pride,merging,the,contracted,fighters,under,ne,promotion[14],and,drawing,comparisons,to,the,consolidation,that,ccurred,in,ther,sports,such,as,the,AFL-NFL,Merger,in,American,football,[15][edit],Evolution,f,fighters,Ground,fighting,is,an,intrinsic,part,f,the,sport,As,a,result,f,an,increased,number,f,competitors,rganized,training,camps,information,sharing,and,modern,kinesiology,the,understanding,f,the,combat-effectiveness,f,various,strategies,has,been,greatly,improvedUFC,commentator,Joe,Rogan,has,claimed,that,martial,arts,have,evolved,more,in,the,ten,years,following,1993,than,in,the,preceding,700,years,[16],"During,his,reign,atop,the,sport,in,the,late,1990s,he,was,the,prototype,—,he,could,strike,with,the,best,strikers;,he,could,grapple,with,the,best,grapplers;,his,endurance,was,second,to,none",—,describing,UFC,champion,Frank,Shamrock's,early,dominance,[17]The,early,years,f,the,sport,saw,a,wide,variety,f,traditional,styles,-,everything,from,sumo,to,kickboxing,-,but,the,continual,evolution,f,the,sport,saw,many,styles,prove,ineffective,while,thers,proved,successful,n,their,wn,In,the,early,1990s,three,styles,stood,ut,for,their,effectiveness,in,competition:,Brazilian,Jiu-Jitsu,amateur,wrestling,and,shoot,wrestlingThis,may,be,attributable,in,part,to,the,grappling,emphasis,f,the,aforementioned,styles,which,were,perhaps,due,to,the,scarcity,f,mixed,martial,arts,competitions,prior,to,the,early,90s,unknown,to,most,practitioners,f,striking-based,artsFighters,who,combined,amateur,wrestling,with,striking,techniques,found,success,in,the,standing,portion,f,a,fight,whilst,Brazilian,Jiu-Jitsu,stylists,had,a,distinct,advantage,n,the,ground:,those,unfamiliar,with,submission,grappling,proved,to,be,unprepared,to,deal,with,its,submission,techniquesShoot,wrestling,practitioners,ffered,a,balance,f,amateur,wrestling,ability,and,catch,wrestling-based,submissions,resulting,in,a,well-rounded,skillsetThe,shoot,wrestlers,were,especially,successful,in,JapanAs,competitions,became,more,and,more,common,those,with,a,base,in,striking,became,more,competitive,as,they,acquainted,themselves,with,takedowns,and,submission,holds,leading,to,notable,upsets,against,the,then,dominant,grapplersSubsequently,those,from,the,varying,grappling,styles,added,striking,techniques,to,their,arsenalThis,verall,development,f,increased,cross-training,resulted,in,the,fighters,becoming,increasingly,multi-dimensional,and,well-rounded,in,their,skillsThe,changes,were,demonstrated,when,the,riginal,UFC,champion,Royce,Gracie,who,had,defeated,many,pponents,using,Brazilian,Jiu-Jitsu,fought,the,then,UFC,Welterweight,Champion,Matt,Hughes,at,UFC,60,and,was,defeated,by,a,TKO,from,'ground-and-pound',[18][edit],lympic,recognition,effortsIt,was,thought,that,lympic,recognition,would,be,forthcoming,for,the,2004,Summer,lympics,held,in,Athens,under,the,banner,f,pankrationHowever,the,International,lympic,Committee,was,unconvinced,that,Greece,could,handle,the,total,number,f,sports,proposedTo,placate,the,IOC,the,rganizers,removed,all,new,medal,sports,and,pankration,was,excluded,[19][edit],Rules,Main,article:,Mixed,martial,arts,rulesA,fighter,tapes,his,hands,prior,to,putting,gloves,n,The,rules,for,modern,mixed,martial,arts,competitions,have,changed,significantly,since,the,early,days,f,vale,tudo,Japanese,shoot,wrestling,and,UFC,1,and,even,more,from,the,historic,style,f,pankrationAs,the,knowledge,about,fighting,techniques,spread,among,fighters,and,spectators,it,became,clear,that,the,riginal,minimalist,rule,systems,needed,to,be,amended,[20],The,main,motivations,for,these,rule,changes,were,protection,f,the,health,f,the,fighters,the,desire,to,shed,the,image,f,"barbaric,no,rules,fighting-to-the-death",matches,and,being,recognised,as,a,sport,The,new,rules,included,the,introduction,f,weight,classes;,as,knowledge,about,submissions,spread,differences,in,weight,had,become,a,significant,factor,Small,pen-fingered,gloves,were,introduced,to,protect,fists,in,punches,reduce,the,ccurrence,f,cuts,and,stoppages,due,to,cuts,and,encourage,fighters,to,use,their,hands,for,striking,to,allow,more,captivating,matchesTime,limits,were,established,to,avoid,long,fights,with,little,action,where,competitors,conserved,their,strengthMatches,without,time,limits,also,complicated,the,airing,f,live,eventsSimilar,motivations,produced,the,"stand,up",rule,where,the,referee,can,stand,fighters,up,if,it,is,perceived,that,both,are,resting,n,the,ground,r,not,advancing,toward,a,dominant,position,[20]Gloves,were,first,mandatory,in,Japan's,Shooto,promotion,and,were,later,adopted,by,the,UFC,as,it,developed,into,a,regulated,sportIn,the,U,Sstate,athletic,and,boxing,commissions,have,played,a,crucial,role,in,the,introduction,f,additional,rules,because,they,versee,MMA,in,a,similar,way,to,boxingSmaller,shows,may,use,more,restrictive,rules,because,they,have,less,experienced,fightersIn,Japan,and,Europe,there,is,no,regulating,authority,ver,competitions,so,these,rganizations,have,greater,freedom,in,rule,development,and,event,structure,Victory,in,a,match,is,normally,gained,either,by,the,judges',decision,after,an,allotted,amount,f,time,has,elapsed,a,stoppage,by,the,referee,for,example,if,a,competitor,can,not,defend,himself,intelligently,r,the,fight,doctor,due,to,an,injury,a,submission,by,a,competitor's,cornerman,throwing,in,the,towel,r,by,knockout,[edit],Clothing,guidelinesMixed,martial,arts,typically,require,that,male,fighters,wear,shorts,as,the,nly,permissible,attire,thus,precluding,the,use,f,gis,r,fighting,kimonos,to,inhibit,submission,holds,The,need,for,flexibility,in,the,legs,combined,with,durability,prompted,the,creation,f,various,fighting,shorts,brands,which,then,spawned,a,range,f,mixed,martial,arts,clothing,and,casualwear,available,to,the,MMA,fan,[edit],Strategies,Mixed,martial,arts,competition,requires,training,in,striking,wrestling,and,submission,fighting,The,techniques,utilized,in,mixed,martial,arts,competition,generally,fall,into,two,categories:,striking,techniques,such,as,kicks,knees,and,punches,and,grappling,techniques,such,as,clinch,holds,pinning,holds,submission,holds,sweeps,takedowns,and,throwsThe,first,ever,and,largest,MMA,Sanctioning,body,in,the,world,today,is,the,International,Sport,Combat,Federation,ISCFAlthough,sanctioning,bodies,such,as,the,ISCF,have,rules,and,regulations,for,MMA,rules,may,vary,between,promotionsWhile,the,legality,f,some,techniques,such,as,elbow,strikes,headbutts,and,spinal,locks,may,vary,there,is,a,near,universal,ban,n,techniques,such,as,biting,strikes,to,the,groin,eye-gouging,fish-hooking,and,small,joint,manipulation,[21][22][23]Today,mixed,martial,artists,must,cross-train,in,a,variety,f,styles,to,counter,their,pponent's,strengths,and,remain,effective,in,all,the,phases,f,combatFor,instance,a,stand-up,fighter,will,have,little,pportunity,to,use,their,skills,against,a,submission,artist,who,has,also,trained,in,take,downsMany,traditional,disciplines,remain,popular,as,ways,for,a,fighter,to,improve,aspects,f,their,game,[24][25][edit],Popular,Disciplines,Stand-up:,Various,forms,f,boxing,kickboxingMuay,Thai,and,forms,f,full,contact,karate,are,trained,to,improve,footwork,elbowing,kicking,kneeing,and,punching,Clinch:,Freestyle,Greco-Roman,wrestling,Sambo,and,Judo,are,trained,to,improve,clinching,takedowns,and,throws,while,Muay,Thai,is,trained,to,improve,the,striking,aspect,f,the,clinch,Ground:,Brazilian,Jiu-Jitsu,shoot,wrestling,catch,wrestling,Judo,and,Sambo,are,trained,to,improve,submission,holds,and,defense,against,themThese,styles,are,also,trained,to,improve,and,maintain,ground,control,Some,styles,have,been,adapted,from,their,traditional,form,such,as,boxing,stances,which,lack,effective,counters,to,leg,kicks,and,takedowns,r,Judo,techniques,which,must,be,adapted,for,No,Gi,competitionIt,is,common,for,a,fighter,to,train,with,multiple,coaches,f,different,styles,r,an,rganized,fight,team,to,improve,various,aspects,f,their,game,at,nceCardiovascular,conditioning,speed,drills,strength,training,and,flexibility,are,also,important,aspects,f,an,MMA,fighter's,trainingSome,schools,advertise,their,styles,as,simply,"Mixed,martial,arts",which,has,become,a,genre,in,itself,While,mixed,martial,arts,was,initially,practiced,almost,exclusively,by,competitive,fighters,this,is,no,longer,the,caseAs,the,sport,has,become,more,mainstream,and,more,widely,taught,it,has,become,accessible,to,wider,range,f,practitioners,f,all,agesProponents,f,this,sort,f,training,argue,that,it,is,safe,for,anyone,f,any,age,with,varying,levels,f,competitiveness,[26][27][edit],Hybrid,StylesThe,following,terms,describe,hybrid,styles,a,fighter,may,use,ver,the,course,f,a,fight,to,achieve,victoryWhile,some,fighters,such,as,BJ,Penn,and,Fedor,Emelianenko,have,tallied,notable,victories,by,striking,ground-and-pound,as,well,as,submission,throughout,their,careers,most,fighters,will,rely,n,a,smaller,number,f,techniques,while,adopting,a,style,that,plays,to,their,strengthsStand-up,fighting,is,the,core,f,sprawl-and-brawl,[edit],Sprawl-and-brawlSprawl-and-brawl,is,a,stand-up,fighting,tactic,that,consists,f,effective,stand-up,striking,while,avoiding,ground,fighting,typically,by,using,sprawls,to,defend,against,takedowns,A,sprawl-and-brawler,is,usually,a,boxer,kickboxer,Thai,boxer,r,full,contact,karate,fighter,who,has,trained,in,wrestling,to,avoid,takedowns,to,keep,the,fight,standingften,these,fighters,will,study,submission,wrestling,to,avoid,being,forced,into,submission,should,they,find,themselves,n,the,groundThis,style,can,be,deceptively,different,from,traditional,kickboxing,styles,since,sprawl-and-brawlers,must,adapt,their,techniques,to,incorporate,takedown,and,ground,fighting,defenseChuck,Liddell,and,Mirko,"Cro,Cop",Filipovic,are,examples,f,sprawl-and-brawl,fighters,[edit],Clinch,fightingClinch,fighting,and,dirty,boxing,are,tactics,consisting,f,using,a,clinch,hold,to,prevent,the,pponent,from,moving,away,into,more,distant,striking,range,while,also,attempting,takedowns,and,striking,the,pponent,using,knees,stomps,elbows,and,punchesThe,clinch,is,ften,utilized,by,wrestlers,that,have,added,in,components,f,the,striking,game,typically,boxing,and,Muay,Thai,fighters,Wrestlers,may,use,clinch,fighting,as,a,way,to,neutralize,the,superior,striking,skills,f,a,stand-up,fighter,r,to,prevent,takedowns,by,a,superior,ground,fighterThe,clinch,f,a,Muay,Thai,fighter,is,ften,used,to,improve,the,accuracy,f,knees,and,elbows,by,physically,controlling,the,position,f,the,pponentRandy,Couture,Wanderlei,Silva,and,Anderson,Silva,are,examples,f,effective,clinch,fightersGround-and-pound,in,action[edit],Ground-and-poundGround-and-pound,is,a,ground,fighting,tactic,consisting,f,taking,an,pponent,to,the,ground,using,a,takedown,r,throw,btaining,a,top,r,dominant,position,and,then,striking,the,pponent,primarily,with,the,fistsGround-and-pound,is,also,used,as,a,precursor,to,attempting,submission,holds,This,style,is,used,by,wrestlers,r,ther,fighters,well-versed,in,submission,defense,and,skilled,at,takedownsThey,take,the,fight,to,the,ground,maintain,a,grappling,position,and,strike,until,their,pponent,submits,r,is,knocked,utAlthough,not,a,traditional,style,f,striking,it,was,first,demonstrated,as,an,effective,technique,by,UFC,and,Pride,grand,prix,champion,Mark,Coleman,the,effectiveness,and,reliability,f,ground-and-pound,has,made,it,a,popular,tacticToday,strikes,n,the,ground,are,an,essential,part,f,a,fighter's,trainingFedor,Emelianenko,Kevin,Randleman,Randy,Couture,Matt,Hughes,and,Tito,rtiz,are,examples,f,effective,ground-and-pound,fighters,[edit],Submission,grapplingApart,from,being,a,general,martial,arts,term,submission,grappling,is,also,a,reference,to,the,ground,fighting,tactic,consisting,f,taking,an,pponent,to,the,ground,using,a,takedown,r,throw,and,then,applying,a,submission,hold,forcing,the,pponent,to,submitWhile,grapplers,will,ften,work,to,attain,dominant,position,some,may,be,more,comfortable,fighting,from,ther,positionsIf,a,grappler,finds,themselves,unable,to,force,a,takedown,they,may,resort,to,pulling,guard,whereby,they,physically,pull,their,pponent,into,a,dominant,position,n,the,ground,Submissions,are,an,essential,part,f,many,disciplines,most,notably,catch,wrestling,judo,Sambo,pankration,Army,Combatives,MCMAP,and,Brazilian,Jiu-JitsuJosh,Barnett,BJ,Penn,the,brothers,Antônio,Rodrigo,and,Antônio,Rogério,Nogueira,Shinya,Aoki,and,Fedor,Emelianenko,are,examples,f,submission,grapplersThe,arm,bar,where,ne,fighter,uses,a,part,f,their,body,as,a,fulcrum,point,for,the,ther,fighter's,elbow,to,hyper-extend,the,joint,is,a,very,common,and,effective,submission,The,Abu,Dhabi,Combat,Club,and,FILA,Grappling,World,Wrestling,Games,are,examples,f,submission,grappling,tournaments,[edit],Lay-and-prayLay-and-pray,is,a,pejorative,term,for,a,strategy,whereby,a,fighter,can,control,their,pponent,n,the,ground,but,is,unable,to,mount,an,effective,ffense,[28],They,simply,seek,to,negate,the,ffense,f,their,pponent,"praying",for,a,decision,victoryIn,some,MMA,promotions,penalties,may,be,imposed,for,lay-and-pray,techniques,if,the,referee,determines,that,a,fighter,is,stalling,[edit],SafetyWhile,competition,in,the,sport,is,ccasionally,depicted,as,brutal,by,the,media,[29],there,had,never,been,a,death,r,crippling,injury,in,a,sanctioned,event,in,North,America[30],until,the,death,f,Sam,Vasquez,n,November,30,2007,[31],Vasquez,collapsed,shortly,after,being,knocked,ut,by,Vince,Libardi,in,the,third,round,f,an,ctober,20,2007,fight,at,the,Toyota,Center,in,Houston,Texas,[32],Vasquez,had,two,separate,surgeries,to,remove,blood,clots,from,his,brain,and,shortly,after,the,second,peration,suffered,a,major,stroke,and,never,regained,consciousness,[31],While,questions,have,been,asked,about,Vasquez's,health,before,his,final,bout,no,firm,indications,f,pre-existing,problems,have,yet,surfacedSince,he,was,age,35,he,would,have,had,to,undergo,extensive,pre-fight,medical,screening,in,rder,to,btain,a,license,to,compete,in,Texas,[31]This,was,the,third,verified,fatality,in,MMAThe,first,in,MMA,competition,was,the,1998,death,f,Douglas,Dedge,in,an,unsanctioned,fight,in,UkraineThere,are,unconfirmed,reports,that,Dedge,had,a,pre-existing,medical,condition,[33],The,second,was,the,2005,death,f,a,35-year,ld,man,nly,identified,as,Lee,in,South,KoreaThis,took,place,in,an,unsanctioned,event,in,a,restaurant,called,Gimme,Five,[34]A,study,by,Johns,Hopkins,University,concluded,"the,verall,injury,rate,[excluding,injury,to,the,brain],in,MMA,competitions,is,now,similar,to,ther,combat,sports,[involving,striking],including,boxingKnockout,rates,are,lower,in,MMA,competitions,than,in,boxingThis,suggests,a,reduced,risk,f,traumatic,brain,injury,in,MMA,competitions,when,compared,to,ther,events,involving,striking,"[35][edit],Women's,roleThere,are,female,fighters,in,this,sportHowever,there,are,few,professional,mixed,martial,arts,rganizations,in,the,United,States,that,invite,women,to,competeAlthough,women,are,not,as,prominent,as,men,in,mixed,martial,arts,there,has,been,a,growing,awareness,f,women,in,the,sport,due,to,popular,female,fighters,such,as,Gina,CaranoGina,quickly,became,the,face,f,women's,MMA,after,appearing,in,the,now,bankrupt,EliteXCther,popular,female,fighters,include,Cristiane,SantosWomen,fights,are,more,prominent,in,Japan,in,promotions,such,as,the,all-female,Valkyrie,and,now,defunct,Smackgirl,[36][edit],See,also,List,f,male,mixed,martial,artistsList,f,female,mixed,martial,artistsList,f,promotions,and,ther,rganizations,relating,to,MMAFreestyle,fighting[edit],Notes,1^,Plotz,David,November,16,1997"Fight,Clubbed"Slatehttp:www,slate,comid46344Retrieved,n,26,December,20062^,McFarland,Matt,May,06,2008"Ultimate,Fighting,wants,to,come,to,NY"WNYT,comhttp:wnyt,comarticlestoriesS435831,shtmlcat=300Retrieved,n,6,May,20083^,SLATTERY,HOLDEN,October,23,2008"Speaker,tells,Homer,students,to,keep,improving"Cortland,Standardhttp:cortlandstandard,netarticles10232008n,htmlRetrieved,n,18,November,20084^,a,b,Trembow,Ivan,March,1,2007"UFC,PPV,Revenue,Tops,$200,Million,in,2006"MMA,Weeklyhttp:www,mmaweekly,comabsolutenmtemplatesdailynews,asparticleid=3520&zoneid=3Retrieved,n,2007-06-185^,a,b,Walter,Donald,December,8,2003"Mixed,Martial,arts:,Ultimate,Sport,r,Ultimately,Illegal"Grapple,Artshttp:www,grapplearts,comMixed-Martial-Arts-1,htmRetrieved,n,2006-02-256^,a,b,Willoughby,David,P1970The,Super,AthletesA,SBarnes,&,CoIncpp376–380ISBN,0-498-06651-77^,a,b,Noble,Graham,March,2001"An,Introduction,to,EWBarton-Wright,1860-1951,and,the,Eclectic,Art,f,Bartitsu"Journal,f,Manly,Artshttp:ejmas,comjmanlyarticles2001jmanlyart_noble_0301,htmRetrieved,n,2007-06-148^,"Journal,f,Combative,Sport:,Jujitsu,versus,Boxing"Journal,f,Combative,Sporthttp:ejmas,comjcsjcsart_JapanTimes_1199,htmRetrieved,n,2008-05-079^,"Fight,Finder,-,UFC,1,The,Beginning"Sherdog,comhttp:www,sherdog,comfightfinderfightfinder,aspsearch=yes&EventID=710^,Peligro,Kid,2003The,Gracie,Way:,An,Illustrated,History,f,the,World's,Greatest,Martial,Arts,FamilyInvisible,Cities,Presspp79–84ISBN,1-931229-28-711^,"What,is,Pride"Pridehttp:www,pridefc,compride2005aboutwhats_about01,htmRetrieved,n,2006-12-2312^,Martin,Todd,November,06,2007"The,verlooked,rigins,f,mixed,martial,arts"Kocosports,comhttp:www,kocosports,comabsolutenmanmviewer,aspa=18493&z=9Retrieved,n,2007-11-0613^,Wickert,Marc2004Dana,White,and,the,future,f,UFCkucklepit,comSee,Wikiquotes,for,the,text,14^,Doyle,Dave,April,4,2000"UFC,scores,TKO,n,its,business,rival"FOX,Sports,MSNhttp:msn,foxsports,comboxingstory6615122Retrieved,n,2007-03-2715^,"Source:,UFC,buys,Pride,for,less,than,$70M"Associated,Press,ESPNMarch,27,2007http:sports,espn,go,comsportsnewsstoryid=2814235Retrieved,n,2007-06-15",This,is,really,going,to,change,the,face,f,MMALiterally,creating,a,sport,that,could,be,as,big,around,the,world,as,soccerI,liken,it,somewhat,to,when,the,NFC,and,AFC,came,together,to,create,the,NFL",—Lorenzo,Fertitta,ne,f,the,UFC's,majority,wners16^,UFC,40:,Vendetta,PPVZuffa,November,22,2002Event,ccurs,at,1:00,into,Chuck,Liddell,vsRenato,Sobral"The,evolution,f,martial,arts,since,1993,since,the,UFC,came,around,martial,arts,have,evolved,more,than,they,have,in,the,last,700,yearsWe,know,exactly,now,what,works,in,a,real,live,situation,with,two,warriors,fightingFor,a,long,time,that,was,just,speculation,",—Joe,Rogan17^,Sloan,Mike,June,22,2007""No,Win",Situation,is,Must,Win,for,Shamrock"Sherdog,ESPNhttp:www,sherdog,comnewsarticles,aspn_id=8036Retrieved,n,2007-06-2218^,UFC,60,Results,n,Sherdog19^,Townsley,John"Athens,2004,lympic,and,Paralympic,Games,Launch,Pad"Invest,in,Greecehttp:www,invgr,comolympics_launch_pad,htm#PankrationRetrieved,n,2006-12-2220^,a,b,Krauss,Erich,1,December,2004Warriors,f,the,Ultimate,Fighting,ChampionshipU,S,:,Citadel,Press,IncISBN,080652657221^,"Mixed,Martial,arts,Unified,Rules,f,Conduct"New,Jersey,State,Athletic,Control,BoardSeptember,5,2002http:www,state,nj,uslpssacbdocsmartial,htmlRetrieved,n,2006-06-1822^,"Nevada,Administrative,Code,Chapter,467,Unarmed,Combat"Nevada,State,Athletic,CommissionAugust,11,2006http:www,leg,state,nv,usNACNAC-467,htmlRetrieved,n,2006-06-1823^,Davis,Gray,2001"Laws,&,Regulations,Governing,Boxing,&,Martial,arts,in,California",PDFCalifornia,State,Athletic,Commissionhttp:www,dca,ca,govcsaclawsbooklet,pdfRetrieved,n,2006-06-1824^,"StPierre,Epitomizes,Lightning,Fast,Evolution,f,Mixed,Martial,Arts"Bleacher,ReportSeptember,25,2008http:www,sportsline,comcolumnsstory10790384Retrieved,n,2008-10-1825^,"They,All,Go,Into,the,Dark:,The,Necessity,f,Evolution,in,MMA"CBS,SportslineApril,20,2008http:bleacherreport,comarticles61410-they-all-go-into-the-dark-the-necessity-of-evolution-in-mmaRetrieved,n,2008-10-1826^,Green,Andrew,December,20,2005"Kids,in,MMA"Innovative,Martial,artshttp:innovativema,caforumview,phppg=kidsinmmaRetrieved,n,2006-12-1327^,Gutierrez,Luis"JKD,and,Children"ne,Dragon,Martial,artshttp:onedragon,comarticle_04,htmlRetrieved,n,2006-12-1328^,"Leben,an,Everett,fighter,is,top,contender,in,booming,sport"Seattle,Post-IntelligencerJuly,27,2006http:seattlepi,nwsource,comothersports278952_leben27,htmlRetrieved,n,2007-01-2529^,Telander,Rick,October,11,2006"Sweet,science,morphing,into,Brutality,TV",ReprintChicago,Sun-Timeshttp:findarticles,comparticlesmi_qn4155is_20061011ai_n16768457Retrieved,n,2006-12-2230^,Doyle,Dave,October,11,2006"MMA's,alleged,brutality,and,more"http:community,foxsports,comblogsFOXSportsMMA20061011MMAs_alleged_brutality_and_moreRetrieved,n,2006-12-2231^,a,b,c,"Update:,Sam,Vasquez,Dead,at,35"Sherdog,com2007-12-02http:www,sherdog,comnewsnews,aspn_id=10203Retrieved,n,2007-12-0232^,Sievert,Steve,2007-11-26"Mixed,Martial,Arts,Notebook:,Vasquez,in,toughest,fight"Houston,Chroniclehttp:www,chron,comdispstory,mplsportsmixedmartialarts5327913,htmlRetrieved,n,2007-12-0233^,Iole,Kevin,August,20,2006,4J"Pain,lots,f,blood,symbols,f,MMA"Las,Vegas,Review-Journalhttp:www,reviewjournal,comlvrj_home2006Aug-20-Sun-2006news9034699,htmlRetrieved,n,8,January,200734^,Rahn,Kim"Mixed,Martial,Arts,Games,Trigger,Safety,Concerns"http:innovativema,caforumshowthread,phpp=3074Retrieved,n,29,June,200835^,Incidence,f,Injury,in,Professional,Mixed,Martial,Arts,Competitions,-,Johns,Hopkins,University,School,f,Medicine,study,published,in,the,Journal,f,Sports,Science,and,Medicine,July,2006,36^,Valkyrie,Takes,Flight,Nov8[edit],References,Danaher,John;,Gracie,Renzo"Phases,f,Combat"Human,Kineticshttp:www,hkaustralia,comproductsshowexcerpt,cfmexcerpt_id=3260Retrieved,n,2006-02-11Gentry,Clyde,2005No,Holds,Barred:,Ultimate,Fighting,and,the,Martial,arts,RevolutionMilo,BooksISBN,978-1903854303Kallini,Christopher;,Meyer,Rob"rec,martial-arts,FAQ"Internet,FAQ,Archiveshttp:www,faqs,orgfaqsmartial-artsfaqpart3Retrieved,n,2006-02-11Kesting,Stephan"The,MMA,Formula:,Striking,Takedowns,Groundwork"Grapple,Artshttp:www,grapplearts,comThe-MMA-Formula,htmRetrieved,n,2006-02-06"Official,MMA,Rankings"Sherdoghttp:www,mmafights,co,ukmma-fighter-rankings,htmlRetrieved,n,2006-02-06"Nevada,Administrative,Code,Chapter,467,Unarmed,Combat:,MMA,Rules,Explained",PDFNevada,State,Athletic,CommissionAugust,11,2006http:boxing,nv,govdocsMMA%20RULES%20Expained,pdfRetrieved,n,2006-06-18Plotz,David,November,11,1997"Fight,Clubbed"Slatehttp:www,slate,comid46344Retrieved,n,26,December,2006Pratt,Ryan"Sport,Specific,Training,for,MMA,Mixed,Martial,arts"Grapple,Artshttp:www,grapplearts,comSport-Specific-MMA-Training,htmRetrieved,n,2006-02-06[show],v,•,d,•,e,Professional,mixed,martial,arts,rganizations,North,American,promotions:UFC,•,WEC,•,Strikeforce,•,Affliction,•,HDNet,Fights,•,RITC,•,Adrenaline,MMA,•,TKO,•,Valley,Fight,•,EFC,•,Combate,Extremo,•,FFC,•,IFC,•,King,f,the,Cage,•,Icon,Sport,•,PFC,•,Bellator,Fighting,Championship,•,HHP,South,American,promotions:JFC,•,Fury,FC,•,Max,Fight,•,MTL,•,Predador,Asian,promotions:Dream,•,Sengoku,•,Shooto,•,ZST,•,DEEP,•,Spirit,MC,•,Pancrase,•,Cage,Force,•,Art,f,War,China,•,Smackgirl,•,MARS,•,URCC,European,promotions:Cage,Warriors,•,Finnfight,•,SLAMM!!,Events,•,World,Free,Fight,Challenge,•,M-1,Global,•,KSW,•,Ultimate,Challenge,UK,•,The,Zone,FC,•,British,Fighting,Championships,Oceanian,promotions:CFC,•,Ring,Wars,•,Warriors,Realm,Defunct,promotions:Cage,Fury,FC,•,EliteXC,•,IFL,•,Pride,FC,•,IVC,•,RINGS,•,WFA,•,UFO,•,HERO'S,•,BodogFight,•,Hardcore,Fighting,•,Rumble,n,the,Rock,•,Cage,Rage,•,YAMMA,Pit,Fighting,•,MFC,•,Art,f,War,US,Sanctioning,bodies,and,networks:World,Alliance,f,Mixed,Martial,Arts,•,Shooto,•,International,Sport,Combat,Federation,•,WWCN,•,North,American,Boxing,Council,•,Japan,Mixed,Martial,Arts,Federation,[show],v,•,d,•,e,Martial,arts,by,focus,Martial,arts,are,listed,by,area,f,primary,focusNote,that,they,may,include,training,in,the,ther,areasStrikingBajíquán,•,Boxing,•,Capoeira,•,Dambe,•,Fistfight,•,Fujian,White,Crane,•,Karate,•,Kenpo,•,Kickboxing,•,Lethwei,•,Muay,Thai,•,Pradal,Serey,•,Savate,•,Silat,•,Subak,•,Shaolin,Kung,Fu,•,Taekwondo,•,Tangsoodo,•,Wing,Chun,GrapplingAikido,•,Brazilian,Jiu-Jitsu,•,Glima,•,Judo,•,Jujutsu,•,Kinomichi,•,Malla-yuddha,•,Varzesh-e,Pahlavani,•,Pehlwani,•,Sambo,•,Shuai,Jiao,•,Ssireum,•,Sumo,•,Wrestling,WeaponryBattojutsu,•,Eskrima,•,Egyptian,stick,fencing,•,Fencing,•,Gatka,•,Iaido,•,Iaijutsu,•,Jodo,•,Kendo,•,Kenjutsu,•,Kyudo,•,Kyujutsu,•,Shurikenjutsu,•,Silambam,•,Sojutsu,Mixed,hybridand,multi-disciplineBaguazhang,•,Bando,•,Bartitsu,•,Hapkido,•,Hung,Ga,•,Hwa,Rang,Do,•,Jeet,Kune,Do,•,Kuk,Sool,Won,•,Kalarippayattu,•,Krav,Maga,•,MCMAP,•,Northern,Praying,Mantis,•,Ninjutsu,•,om,Yung,Doe,•,Pankration,•,Pencak,Silat,•,San,Shou,•,Shootfighting,•,Systema,•,Tai,chi,chuan,•,Vajra,Mushti,•,Xingyiquan,For,a,full,list,f,articles,see,the,List,f,martial,arts[edit],External,links,fficial,website,f,UFCfficial,website,f,Dreamfficial,website,f,Bellator,Fighting,ChampionshipsRetrieved,from,"http:en,wikipedia,orgwikiMixed_martial_arts",Categories:,Combat,sports,|,Mixed,martial,arts,Hidden,categories:,All,articles,with,unsourced,statements,|,Articles,with,unsourced,statements,since,June,2007,Views,ArticleDiscussionEdit,this,pageHistoryPersonal,tools,Log,in,create,accountNavigation,Main,pageContentsFeatured,contentCurrent,eventsRandom,articleSearch,Interaction,About,WikipediaCommunity,portalRecent,changesContact,WikipediaDonate,to,WikipediaHelpToolbox,What,links,hereRelated,changesUpload,fileSpecial,pagesPrintable,versionPermanent,linkCite,this,pageLanguages,AragonésDanskDeutschEestiEspañolFrançaisFryskGalegoHrvatskiItalianoLíguruLumbaartNederlandsNedersaksischNorsk,bokmålPolskiPortuguêsSarduSimple,English,SrpskiSrpskohrvatski,SuomiSvenskaTürkçe</p></p>
<p>MMA,FIGHT,PHOTOGRAPHY,MIXED,MARTIAL,ARTS,PICTURES,CAGE</p>
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